The role of nutritional interventions in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: Mechanistic insights and clinical implications

• Author Details:   
• Pankaj Ramdas Khuspe ^*
• Devata Haridas Shinde
• Dipali Vikas Mane
• Sitaram Vasant Kale
• Abhijeet Survase

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a prevalent chronic metabolic disease, is characterized by progressive β-cell dysfunction, insulin resistance, and impaired glucose homeostasis. Nutritional management plays a pivotal role in both the prevention and treatment of T2DM by influencing glycemic control, lipid profiles, and inflammatory markers. Recent evidence demonstrates that the quality of macronutrients, in addition to their quantity, significantly impacts metabolic outcomes in individuals with diabetes. Diets rich in plant-based proteins, unsaturated fatty acids, and low-glycemic index carbohydrates have been associated with improved postprandial glucose regulation and enhanced insulin sensitivity. The specific micronutrients such as vitamin D, magnesium, and chromium have shown beneficial effects on glucose uptake and insulin signaling pathways. Structured dietary patterns, including the DASH and Mediterranean diets, have consistently yielded positive clinical outcomes, such as glycemic stability and reduced diabetes-related complications. Mechanistically, these dietary interventions influence critical metabolic processes, including lipid oxidation, mitochondrial function, and enzymatic activity related to glucose transport. The increased intake of dietary fiber is linked to improved gut microbiota composition and elevated production of short-chain fatty acids, which exert insulin-sensitizing and anti-inflammatory effects. The importance of personalized nutrition tailored to individual metabolic profiles, cultural factors, and genetic predispositions is increasingly recognized in achieving optimal therapeutic outcomes. This review underscores the multifaceted role of diet in diabetes management and highlights the need to integrate customized nutritional strategies into routine clinical practice for sustainable metabolic control and enhanced quality of life in patients with T2DM.

Keywords: Nutritional therapy, Glycemic control, Type 2 diabetes, Insulin resistance, Metabolic pathways