- Received April 20, 2022
- Accepted May 10, 2022
- Publication July 12, 2022
- Visibility 8 Views
- Downloads 3 Downloads
- DOI 10.18231/j.ijnmhs.2022.013
-
CrossMark
- Citation
Comparison of pain, posture, physical activity and sleep quality of undergraduate and graduate students of health sciences
- Author Details:
-
Zehra Güçhan Topcu *
-
Hayriye Tomaç
-
Bihter ˙Ikiz
Zehra Güçhan Topcu *
Hayriye Tomaç
Introduction
Students need to adapt to university life in a moment by undertaking their individual life responsibilities in a different social environment they are foreign to. Adaptation to university, is critical for students' academic and social futures, individual happiness and psychological health.[1], [2]
At university, there are changes in students’ life as well as changes in their health behavior. The habits acquired in univerity life also affects their future life.[3] According to Moller (1996), the future welfare of the nation is contingent on student well-being.[4] World Health Organization (WHO), defined health as being “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” in 1948. In other words, a healthy lifestyle should include not only protection from diseases, but also behaviors that increase well-being throughout life. These behaviors increase the well-being of the individual and provide self-realization and include examples such as balanced diet, stress management, regular exercise, not smoking, health responsibility and hygenic issues. [5]
Factors such as postural impairments, computer use, sitting duration, exercise habit, anxiety, depression and academic stress take place as a source of pain among university students. Furthermore, it has been reported that pain experiences are seen in various regions.[6] Pain is one of the major public health problems which prevalence' raising around the World.[7] Although it is associated with musculoskeletal problems, it can affect muscles, tendon, joints, nerves and bones and causes loss of function. [8]
Students of health sciences are particularly at risk of Musculoskeletal Diseases (MSD) due to their exposure to physical and psychosocial risk factors during intensive courses. Studies show that, daily computer use, physical inactivity, non-ergonomic desks with prolonged sitting during lectures and academic stress during exam periods make health sciences students at higher risk for developing MSD.[9]
A study conducted by Wami et al.[10] included health sciences students and showed that the most frequently pain regions were lower back (54.0%), followed by neck pain (36.70%), hand - wrist pain (14.9%), shoulder pain (12.3%), and elbow - forearm pain (10.4%). Also this study highligts that when the academic year increases, the probability of seeing musculoskeletal disorders is high. [10] In addition, the increased use of computers among university students causes musculoskeletal problems in several areas such as waist, neck and elbow regions, and one of the most important reasons for this is working in uneven postures. [11] The American Orthopedic Association defines posture as “a state of balance sufficient to protect muscles and bones from injury in standing, sitting and lying positions”. Conditions in a resting position or standing still are called static postures, while conditions in motion are called dynamic postures.[12] No study has been found showing whether the posture changes with academic load.
According to the WHO, physical activity is defined as any body movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure. It is protective in muscle and bone health, improve in quality of life and against diseases and reduces the risk of disease.[13] For adults aged 18-64 years, at least 150 minutes of moderate intensity or at least 75 minutes of vigorous aerobic exercise per week is recommended, and activity duration should be at least 10 minutes at a time.[14] Studies in various countries have reported that university students of health sciences have low levels of physical activity.[15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20]
Factors such as facility, tools, infrastructure, instructor, excessive lecture hours for students, the mismatch between the course hours and schedules of university facilities, gender, income and age are among some of the problems which students encounter in participating in physical activity. In order to eliminate or minimize these problems, various encouraging organizations should be made. Therefore, universities play an important role in this regard.[21] Moreover, there are studies reporting that physical activity is associated with concentration and sleep quality.[22], [23]
Even though 7 to 9 hours of sleep is recommended for adults, studies have shown that university students sleep less than the recommended.[24] Although the sleep disturbances vary according to culture, socioeconomic status and gender in worldwide, however it is a common complaint among university students and it is considered a serious health risk by the American Medical Association and the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Intensive schedules and new social environments may create changes on sleep patterns.[25], [26]
Most studies mentioned above investigated various factors among university students, but there is not adequate information about the differences of undergraduates and graduates.[27] Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate pain, posture, sleep quality and physical activity levels in undergraduate and postgraduate students of health sciences and to determine how the differences in academic load affects these parameters.
Materials and Methods
The study received approval from the Research Ethics Committee of Eastern Mediterranean University on 28.12.2020 (ETK00-2020-0286). All participants provided written informed consent. The research data collected from 118 students; undergraduate (n=60) and postgraduate (n=58) in Eastern Mediterranean University. 50 participants work, whereas remaining 68 participants do not have any job.
The inclusion criteria were: continuing education at Eastern Mediterranean University Faculty of Health Sciences and having a body mass index (BMI) between 20-25 (kg/m²). Participants with any neurological disorder, visual, hearing and / or communication impairment were excluded.
Demographic information
Data such as age, gender, workplace, marital status, presence of children, chronic illness, smoking / alcohol use, participation in sports / exercise, time spent on the computer were collected from all participants. Then, the participants were asked to fill the scales given by the researcher, except postural analysis which was conducted by the observation of the researcher.
Pain
Short Form McGill (SF-McGill) is a pain assessment questionnaire developed by Melzack in 1987. It consists of 15 (11 sensory, 4 perceptual) words used to describe pain. The intensity of pain is evaluated between 0 and 3 (0 = none, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate and 3 = severe.). These adjectives are ranked according to patient’s pain severity so higher scores indicates, more pain experience. SF-McGill also includes visual analog scale in order to determine severity of pain with a numeric scale. SF-McGill Questionnaires has been translated into various languages also Turkish validity and reliability studies were performed by Yakut et al. in 2007 on rheumatoid patients. [28], [29]
Posture
New York Posture Index published in 1958 and it’s used for a subjective postural assessment. The rating chart is used to assess 13 areas of the body and provide to assess in two different positions as lateral and posterior. A scoring represents: 5 points to the correct position; 3 points for slight deviation, and 1 point for a pronounced deviation. Total score is between 13 - 65 points. Higher the points indicates better postural alignment. [30], [31]
Quality of sleep
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), as a self reported index, was developed by Buysse et al. in 1991 and the Turkish validity and reliability of the index was performed by Ağargün et al. in 1996. It measures sleep quality and sleep disturbances over the last month. PSQI consisting of 24 questions; 19 questions are answered by the person, while 5 questions are answered by the person's bedmate/roommate which these are not scored. 19 questions that will be included in the scoring are divided into 7 subheadings such as “subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, use of sleeping medications, and daytime dysfunction over the past month.” The scores range between 0 to 21 points and high points show bad sleep quality. [32]
Physical activity
In this study, the “International Physical Activity Questionnaire Long Form (IPAQ-Long Form)” was used to determine the physical activity level. IPAQ was developed by Craig et al. in 2003 and the Turkish validity and reliability of the index was performed by Ağargün et al. in 1996. [33], [34] IPAQ is used to identify the physical activity level of participants’ aged between 15-65. Activities which are less than 10 minutes at one time are not counted. MET method used for determine level of physical activity. “MET-minute/week” score is achieved by multiplying; MET value, day and minute for every activity level. Obtained score classified as physically inactive (MET=<600 energy level), insufficient activity level (MET=600-3000 energy level) and physically sufficient activity level (MET=>3000 energy level). [35]
Statistical analysis
SPSS 20.0 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) package program was used for the statistical analysis of the study. Evaluation parameters were presented as arithmetic mean (x), standard deviation (ss), frequency (f) and percentage (%) values. Since the Kolmogorov-Smirnov results showed that all variables were not distributed normally, Mann-Whitney U test was used for the comparisons between the groups. Chi square test was conducted to compare the categorical data. A value below p<0.05 was considered significant.
Results
The participant’s average age was 24.07±4.01 years([Table 1]). This study was carried out with the participation of 118 people. Eightysix people (72.9%) were female, while 32 (27.1%) were male. Comparison of the variables between the undergraduate students (n=60) and postgraduate students (n=58) were shown in [Table 1]. Working status, chronic disease, marital status, child, and sports participation were statistically different in the groups (p<0.05), whereas both undergraduate and graduate students smoke and took alcohol with similar percentages (p>0.05).
|
|
|
Undergraduate (n) |
Graduate (n) |
P |
|
Working Status |
Yes |
2 |
48 |
0.000* |
|
No |
58 |
10 |
||
|
Chronic Disease |
Yes |
7 |
1 |
0.032* |
|
No |
53 |
57 |
||
|
Marital Status |
Single |
60 |
42 |
0.000* |
|
Married |
0 |
15 |
||
|
Divorced/Widowed |
0 |
1 |
||
|
Child |
Yes |
0 |
6 |
0.012* |
|
No |
60 |
52 |
||
|
Smoking |
Yes |
18 |
10 |
0.103 |
|
No |
42 |
48 |
||
|
Alcohol |
Yes |
20 |
24 |
0.368 |
|
No |
40 |
33 |
||
|
Sports participation |
Yes |
10 |
22 |
0.009* |
|
No |
50 |
36 |
[Table 2] showed the results regarding the comparisons of pain, posture, sleep quality, and physical activity. Although both undergraduates and graduates had high scores from posture assessment, gradutes had better posture than undergraduates (p=0.004). Moreover, IPAQ low scores were higher in undergraduates than the IPAQ low scores in graduates (p<0.001).
|
|
Undergraduate (X ± SD) |
Graduate (X ± SD) |
p |
|
McGill Pain |
7.71 ± 15.69 |
4.88 ± 9.72 |
0.301 |
|
Newyork Posture Score |
56.25 ± 6.66 |
59.29 ± 6.31 |
0.004* |
|
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality |
5.78 ± 2.95 |
5.23 ± 3.05 |
0.363 |
|
IPAQ low |
1492.73 ± 1362.45 |
731.13 ± 565.88 |
0.000* |
|
IPAQ medium |
208 ± 696.17 |
264.28 ± 515.84 |
0.061 |
|
IPAQ vigorous |
341.33 ± 1033.66 |
315.86 ± 610.26 |
0.270 |
|
IPAQ total |
1935.13 ± 2188.63 |
1343.21 ± 1003.56 |
0.252 |
Discussion
This paper showed that pain experiences and sleep quality were similar among undergradtuate and graduate students, while posture and physical activity levels had differences.
Sociodemographip information presents important results about the lifes of people as presence of child or any chronic disease gradually affects livings. Thus, when we look at the results related to this information, most of the sociodemographic findings were different between the undergraduates and graduates so some outcome measures like physical activity could be affected by these differences.
McGill scores about pain was low among the university students included in the study and pain was found to be similar between undergraduates and graduates. This may be related to the low levels of pain. Pain increases while the academic years increase according to the study by Wami et al.[10] but the academic increase was not a change in the academic degree, so we did not find any difference in pain between undergraduates and graduates.
Prolonged computer use is found as an associated factor with postural problems so university students who have academic load on computers may have these problems. [11] In this study, the students in both groups had very good postures according to the New York Posture scale, but the postures of graduates were better than undergraduates. This may be related to the faculty of the students as students of health sciences have more active courses and needs less computer use according to students of some other faculties like architecture.
Physical activity is an important parameter to determine a healthy living so it is more popularly investigated in the papers today. [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20] Similar to our paper, Gravers et al. compared the undergraduates and graduates in terms of physical activity and showed that undergraduates tended to be more physically active. Although they did not use any questionnaire, they had similar results with this paper. Graduates have more responsibilities as they probably work and some have responsibilities about their child so they only focus on completion of their responsibilities about their livings, whereas undergraduates have more time to be mobile during their lives. These factors may result in higher level of physical activity in the low parameter (walking, cleaning home etc.) of physical activity. [36]
Sleep problems are frequently observed have showed university students and studies showed that these may be associated with academic load, so we investigated whether the degree would affect the quality of sleep. Both student groups had a score around 5 and Pittsburgh has a sensitivity above 5 points so this result shows that students in both groups had difficulties and/problems about sleep. Oswalt et al. also compared the sleep habits of undergraduate and graduate students and showed that graduates had better sleep. [37] However, in this paper, there was no difference between the sleep quality of undergraduates and graduates. In the paper by Oswalt et al., structured questions were used instead of a specific questionnaire so different results may be caused with this factor. Nevertheless, more research may be conducted with larger sample sizes to conclude in more accurate results.
This paper presents information about the effects of studying in different academic degrees on various health parameters. We can conclude that both undergraduates and graduates had low pain and good posture, whereas their physical activity and sleep quality required interventions. Furthermore, according to the comparisons, undergraduates had higher physical activity level, whereas graduates had better postures.
Conflict of Interest
None.
Source of Funding
None.
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